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Soma Hymns in the Rigveda
RV 8.48 and 9.113 on soma, immortality, and light
c. 1500-1000 BCE; translation 1897
Source
Ralph T. H. Griffith
Religion, Psychoactive Plants
Eighth Colloquy: Bangue
1563; Portuguese edition 1891
Source
Garcia de Orta
Medicine, Cannabis
Ololiuhqui, Peyotl, and Teonanácatl in the Florentine Codex
Sahagún’s Book 11 on herbs that intoxicate
c. 1577
Source
Bernardino de Sahagún
Indigenous Knowledge, Ethnobotany
Hongos monteses in Durán's Historia de las Indias de Nueva España
Mushrooms, coronations, and the feast of revelations
c. 1581; published 1867
Source
José F. Ramírez
Indigenous Knowledge, Ethnobotany
Inquisition Edict against Peyote
19 June 1620
Source
Irving A. Leonard
Prohibition
Ololiuhqui and Peyote in Idolatrías y supersticiones de los indios
Colonial anti-idolatry texts on divination, healing, and visionary plants
1629-1656; published 1892
Source
Pedro Ponce de León
Indigenous Knowledge, Ethnobotany
Franz Xaver Veigl on Ayahuasca in Maynas
c. 1768–1785 (exact date unclear)
Source
Franz Xaver Veigl
Ayahuasca
Researches, Chemical and Philosophical; Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide
1800
Source
Humphry Davy
Nitrous Oxide, Self-Experiment
Fly Agaric among the Koryaks in Langsdorff's Bemerkungen
A Kamchatka note on mushroom trade and intoxication
1812
Source
Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff
Anthropology, Psychoactive Plants
Niopo among the Otomac in Humboldt and Bonpland's Personal Narrative
Orinoco snuff, Acacia niopo, and curupa in an 1821 travel narrative
1821
Source
Helen Maria Williams
Indigenous Knowledge, Ethnobotany
Paricá among the Mura in Spix and Martius's Reise in Brasilien
A German travel account of Amazonian snuff, ceremony, and intoxication
1831
Source
Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
Indigenous Knowledge, Ethnobotany
Hashish and Mental Alienation
Moreau de Tours on dawamesc, self-experiment, and experimental psychiatry
1845
Source
Jacques-Joseph Moreau
Psychiatry, Cannabis
Fly Agaric and Hashish in Die narkotischen Genussmittel
Ernst von Bibra's German comparative account of Amanita and Cannabis
1855
Source
Ernst von Bibra
Pharmacology, Cannabis
The Hasheesh Eater
1857
Source
Fitz Hugh Ludlow
Trip Reports, Cannabis
Ayahuasca in Villavicencio's Geografía de la República del Ecuador
An 1858 Ecuadorian account of ayahuasca visions and divination
1858
Source
Manuel Villavicencio
Indigenous Knowledge, Ethnobotany
Le Gabon
1865
Source
Marie-Théophile Griffon du Bellay
Ethnobotany
Caapi and Niopo in “On Some Remarkable Narcotics of the Amazon Valley and Orinoco”
Richard Spruce on ayahuasca, yopo/paricá, and Amazonian medicine-men
c. 1870; published 1908
Source
Richard Spruce
Indigenous Knowledge, Ethnobotany
The Anaesthetic Revelation and the Gist of Philosophy
1874
Source
Benjamin Paul Blood
Nitrous Oxide, Anesthesia
Review of The Anaesthetic Revelation and the Gist of Philosophy
1874
Source
William James
Nitrous Oxide, Anesthesia
Nitrous Oxide and the Anaesthetic Revelation in The Varieties of Religious Experience
1902
Source
William James
Nitrous Oxide, Religion
Anaesthetics Antient and Modern
An Historical Sketch of Anaesthesia
Undated (c. 1907–1910)
Source
Burroughs Wellcome & Co.
Nitrous Oxide, Cannabis
A Pluralistic Mystic
1910
Source
William James
Nitrous Oxide, Anesthesia
Merck Patent DE 274350
Process for the Preparation of Alkyloxyaryl-, Dialkyloxyaryl- and Alkylenedioxyarylaminopropanes (Firm E. Merck, Darmstadt)
Patented from 24 December 1912; specification published 1914
Source
E. Merck
The Anaesthetic Revelation, from Pluriverse
1920
Source
Benjamin Paul Blood
Nitrous Oxide, Anesthesia
State v. Big Sheep
January 26, 1926
Source
S. C. Callaway
Native American Church v. Navajo Tribal Council
November 17, 1959
Source
Delmas C. Hill
Clinical Investigation of EA 1729 (CRDLR 3074)
June 1961
Source
Van M. Sim
LSD
People v. Woody
August 24, 1964
Source
Mathew O. Tobriner
United States v. Kuch
July 1, 1968
Source
Gerhard A. Gesell
LSD
Adverse Reactions to Hallucinogenic Drugs
Proceedings of a Conference Held at the National Institute of Mental Health
1969 (conference held September 29, 1967)
Source
National Institute of Mental Health
LSD, Psilocybin
No. 33
1970
Source
Lisa Bieberman
Law, LSD
No. 32
1970
Source
Lisa Bieberman
LSD, Counterculture
How to Guide a Session
1971
Source
Art Kleps
LSD
No. 34
1971
Source
Timothy Leary
LSD, Counterculture
Report to the President by the Commission on CIA Activities within the United States
Rockefeller Commission findings on CIA drug testing and domestic activities
June 1975
Source
Nelson A. Rockefeller
Clinical, Intelligence
Foreign and Military Intelligence
Full Senate report including the chapter on chemical and biological agents
1976
Source
Frank Church
Clinical, Intelligence
DEA emergency scheduling of MDMA
May 31, 1985 (effective July 1, 1985)
Source
John C. Lawn
In re MDMA Scheduling (ALJ Young opinion)
May 22, 1986
Source
Francis L. Young
Grinspoon v. DEA
September 18, 1987
Source
Frank M. Coffin
Prohibition
Employment Division v. Smith
April 17, 1990
Source
Antonin Scalia
AIRFA Amendments of 1994
Approved October 6, 1994
Source
103rd United States Congress
Gonzales v. O Centro
February 21, 2006
Source
John G. Roberts
DMT, Ayahuasca
Church of the Holy Light of the Queen v. Mukasey
March 18, 2009
Source
Owen M. Panner
Pharmacology, DMT
Oregon Measure 109
Approved by voters November 3, 2020; codified as Oregon Laws 2021, chapter 1
Source
Sheri Eckert
Psilocybin
FDA Psychedelic Drugs Guidance
Considerations for Clinical Investigations (Guidance for Industry)
July 2026 (finalizing a June 2023 draft)
Source
FDA Division of Psychiatry, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
LSD, Psilocybin